Diptotes

عُمَرُ فِي الْمَطْعَمِ.

ʿumaru fi-l-maṭʿami

Omar is in the restaurant.

Nominative: ḍamma, no tanwīn.

هٰذَا بَيْتُ عُمَرَ.

hādhā baytu ʿumara

This is Omar's house.

Genitive after a noun in iḍāfa: fatḥa.

رَأَيْتُ عُمَرَ فِي السُّوقِ.

raʾaytu ʿumara fi-s-sūqi

I saw Omar in the market.

Accusative: the same fatḥa.

عَلَى الْمَائِدَةِ مَلَاعِقُ وَسَكَاكِينُ.

ʿala-l-māʾidati malāʿiqu wa-sakākīnu

On the table are spoons and knives.

أَكَلْنَا فِي مَطَاعِمَ كَثِيرَةٍ.

akalnā fī maṭāʿima kathīratin

We ate in many restaurants.

The diptote takes fatḥa after فِي, but its adjective كَثِيرَةٍ is an ordinary word and keeps kasra and tanwīn.

اِشْتَرَتْ زَيْنَبُ فَوَاكِهَ لَذِيذَةً.

ishtarat zaynabu fawākiha ladhīdhatan

Zaynab bought delicious fruit.

اَلْوَلَدُ جَوْعَانُ وَالرَّجُلُ شَبْعَانُ.

al-waladu jawʿānu wa-r-rajulu shabʿānu

The boy is hungry and the man is full.

Pattern فَعْلَانُ.

شَرِبْتُ عَصِيرًا فِي كُوبٍ أَخْضَرَ.

sharibtu ʿaṣīran fī kūbin akhḍara

I drank juice in a green cup.

Pattern أَفْعَلُ: genitive with fatḥa after an ordinary noun with kasra.

اَلتُّفَّاحُ أَلَذُّ مِنَ الْبُرْتُقَالِ.

at-tuffāḥu aladhdhu mina-l-burtuqāli

Apples are more delicious than oranges.

The comparative is always أَفْعَلُ and always a diptote.

أَعْطَى يُوسُفُ خُبْزًا لِفُقَرَاءَ كَثِيرِينَ.

aʿṭā yūsufu khubzan li-fuqarāʾa kathīrīna

Yusuf gave bread to many poor people.

Pattern فُعَلَاءُ after لِ.

سَافَرَتْ مَرْيَمُ إِلَى مَكَّةَ مَعَ أَصْدِقَاءَ.

sāfarat maryamu ilā makkata maʿa aṣdiqāʾa

Maryam travelled to Makkah with friends.

Two names and a plural, all without tanwīn.

فِي الْمَطْبَخِ سَكَاكِينُ وَمَلَاعِقُ.

fi-l-maṭbakhi sakākīnu wa-malāʿiqu

In the kitchen are knives and spoons.

Pattern مَفَاعِيلُ and مَفَاعِلُ.

اَلْمَطَاعِمُ مَفْتُوحَةٌ فِي اللَّيْلِ.

al-maṭāʿimu maftūḥatun fi-l-layli

The restaurants are open at night.

Definite nominative.

أَكَلْنَا فِي الْمَطَاعِمِ الْجَدِيدَةِ.

akalnā fi-l-maṭāʿimi-l-jadīdati

We ate in the new restaurants.

With اَلْ the genitive kasra returns.

غَسَلَتْ فَاطِمَةُ الْمَلَاعِقَ وَالسَّكَاكِينَ.

ghasalat fāṭimatu-l-malāʿiqa wa-s-sakākīna

Fatima washed the spoons and the knives.

Definite accusative.

اَلْفَوَاكِهُ عَلَى مَوَائِدِ الضُّيُوفِ.

al-fawākihu ʿalā mawāʾidi-ḍ-ḍuyūfi

The fruit is on the guests' tables.

First term of an iḍāfa: kasra after عَلَى.

اَلْمَدِينَةُ كَبِيرَةٌ وَفِي مَطَاعِمِهَا رِجَالٌ كَثِيرُونَ.

al-madīnatu kabīratun wa-fī maṭāʿimihā rijālun kathīrūna

The city is big and in its restaurants there are many men.

A possessive suffix also makes the word definite: kasra before ـهَا.

اَلْبُرْتُقَالُ فَاكِهَةٌ لَذِيذَةٌ.

al-burtuqālu fākihatun ladhīdhatun

Oranges are a delicious fruit.

Collective: masculine singular, English plural.

أَكَلْتُ بُرْتُقَالَةً وَبَيْضَتَيْنِ.

akaltu burtuqālatan wa-bayḍatayni

I ate an orange and two eggs.

Unit nouns: one orange, a dual of eggs.

اِشْتَرَى أَبِي سَمَكًا مِنَ السُّوقِ.

ishtarā abī samakan mina-s-sūqi

My father bought fish from the market.

فِي الصَّحْنِ سَمَكَةٌ كَبِيرَةٌ.

fi-ṣ-ṣaḥni samakatun kabīratun

On the plate is one big fish.

The unit noun is feminine: its adjective is كَبِيرَةٌ.

اَلتُّفَّاحُ عَلَى الْمَائِدَةِ وَالتُّفَّاحَةُ فِي يَدِ الْوَلَدِ.

at-tuffāḥu ʿala-l-māʾidati wa-t-tuffāḥatu fī yadi-l-waladi

The apples are on the table and the apple is in the boy's hand.