Diligent and Lazy Pupils

هٰؤُلَاءِ التَّلَامِيذُ مُجْتَهِدُونَ وَأُولٰئِكَ التَّلَامِيذُ كُسَالَى.

hāʾulāʾi-t-talāmīdhu mujtahidūna wa-ulāʾika-t-talāmīdhu kusālā

These pupils are diligent and those pupils are lazy.

Persons: هٰؤُلَاءِ / أُولٰئِكَ and plural adjectives.

هٰذِهِ الدَّفَاتِرُ رَخِيصَةٌ وَتِلْكَ الدَّفَاتِرُ غَالِيَةٌ.

hādhihi-d-dafātiru rakhīṣatun wa-tilka-d-dafātiru ghāliyatun

These notebooks are cheap and those notebooks are expensive.

Things: هٰذِهِ / تِلْكَ and feminine singular adjectives.

اَلتَّلَامِيذُ رَجَعُوا مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ.

at-talāmīdhu rajaʿū mina-l-madrasati

The pupils came back from school.

Plural verb after a plural subject of persons.

اَلْخُطُوطُ الَّتِي رَسَمَهَا مُسْتَقِيمَةٌ.

al-khuṭūṭu-llatī rasamahā mustaqīmatun

The lines that he drew are straight.

Things: relative اَلَّتِي, suffix ـهَا, adjective feminine singular.

اَلتَّلَامِيذُ الَّذِينَ دَرَسُوا نَجَحُوا فِي الِامْتِحَانِ.

at-talāmīdhu-lladhīna darasū najaḥū fi-l-imtiḥāni

The pupils who studied passed the examination.

رَأَيْتُ الْمُدَرِّسِينَ الَّذِينَ جَاؤُوا مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ.

raʾaytu-l-mudarrisīna-lladhīna jāʾū mina-l-madīnati

I saw the teachers who came from the city.

اَلَّذِينَ does not change after an accusative noun.

أَيْنَ الْكُتُبُ الَّتِي أَعْطَاهَا الْمُدِيرُ لِلتَّلَامِيذِ؟

ayna-l-kutubu-llatī aʿṭāha-l-mudīru li-t-talāmīdhi

Where are the books that the headmaster gave to the pupils?

Things: اَلَّتِي.

فِي الصَّفِّ تَلَامِيذُ يَلْعَبُونَ وَلَا يَدْرُسُونَ.

fi-ṣ-ṣaffi talāmīdhu yalʿabūna wa-lā yadrusūna

In the class there are pupils who play and do not study.

Indefinite noun: no relative pronoun.

أَعْطَى الْمُدِيرُ التِّلْمِيذَ الْمُجْتَهِدَ جَائِزَةً.

aʿṭa-l-mudīru-t-tilmīdha-l-mujtahida jāʾizatan

The headmaster gave the diligent pupil a prize.

أَعْطَتِ الْمُدَرِّسَةُ الْبَنَاتِ دَفَاتِرَ جَدِيدَةً.

aʿṭati-l-mudarrisatu-l-banāti dafātira jadīdatan

The teacher gave the girls new notebooks.

الْبَنَاتِ accusative with kasra; دَفَاتِرَ accusative without tanwīn.

أَعْطَيْتُهُ قَلَمِي.

aʿṭaytuhu qalamī

I gave him my pen.

مَاذَا أَعْطَاكَ أَبُوكَ؟ أَعْطَانِي كِتَابًا.

mādhā aʿṭāka abūka? aʿṭānī kitāban

What did your father give you? He gave me a book.

كُلُّ تِلْمِيذٍ فِي الصَّفِّ.

kullu tilmīdhin fi-ṣ-ṣaffi

Every pupil is in the class.

كُلُّ التَّلَامِيذِ فِي الصَّفِّ.

kullu-t-talāmīdhi fi-ṣ-ṣaffi

All the pupils are in the class.

حَفِظَ الْوَلَدُ كُلَّ السُّورَةِ.

ḥafiẓa-l-waladu kulla-s-sūrati

The boy memorised the whole sūra.

كُلَّ accusative as object.

قَرَأْتُ الدُّرُوسَ كُلَّهَا.

qaraʾtu-d-durūsa kullahā

I read all the lessons.

كُلَّهَا after the noun, with the feminine singular suffix for things.