Rule 1: 1. The classical narrative register
Five habits mark the storyteller's Arabic. (a) The tale opens with كَانَ and an indefinite subject: كَانَ تَاجِرٌ there was a merchant. (b) Events follow one another with فَـ and so, then, while وَ adds a description or a simultaneous fact. (c) A new episode begins with فَلَمَّا + perfect and when …, or with بَيْنَمَا while followed by a nominal sentence and the surprise particle وَإِذَا بِـ and there was … (lesson 36). (d) Speech is introduced by قَالَ or قَالَ لَهُ and reported word for word; the speaker addresses his hearer with يَا or أَيُّهَا. (e) A state accompanying the action is a حَال clause with وَ + pronoun (lesson 143): جَلَسَ وَهُوَ يَبْكِي he sat weeping.
كَانَ تَاجِرٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ كَثِيرُ الْمَالِ.
kāna tājirun min ahli l-baṣrati kathīru l-māli
There was a merchant of Basra who had much wealth.
كَانَ + indefinite subject opens the tale; كَثِيرُ الْمَالِ is an adjective in construct, 'much of wealth'.
فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ أَكْلِهِ قَامَ يَتَوَضَّأُ.
fa-lammā faragha min aklihi qāma yatawaḍḍaʾu
And when he had finished eating he rose to make his ablutions.
فَلَمَّا + perfect; the imperfect يَتَوَضَّأُ after قَامَ expresses purpose or accompanying action.
وَبَيْنَمَا هُوَ جَالِسٌ وَإِذَا بِعِفْرِيتٍ قَدْ خَرَجَ مِنْ بَيْنِ الشَّجَرِ.
wa-baynamā huwa jālisun wa-idhā bi-ʿifrītin qad kharaja min bayni sh-shajari
And while he was sitting, suddenly a demon came out from among the trees.
بَيْنَمَا + nominal sentence; وَإِذَا بِـ + genitive for the sudden appearance; قَدْ خَرَجَ describes the state in which he appeared.
فَقَالَ لَهُ: قُمْ حَتَّى أَقْتُلَكَ.
fa-qāla lahu: qum ḥattā aqtulaka
He said to him: Stand up, so that I may kill you.
قَالَ لَهُ introduces direct speech; حَتَّى + subjunctive 'so that'.
فَجَلَسَ التَّاجِرُ تَحْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ وَهُوَ يَبْكِي.
fa-jalasa t-tājiru taḥta sh-shajarati wa-huwa yabkī
The merchant sat down under the tree, weeping.
وَهُوَ يَبْكِي: a حَال clause, 'while he was weeping'.