Rule 1: 1. Time and place (ظَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ وَالْمَكَانِ)
A noun of time in the accusative answers when? and needs no preposition: يَوْمًا one day, لَيْلًا by night, صَبَاحًا in the morning, صَبَاحَ أَمْسِ yesterday morning, يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ on Friday, الْأُسْبُوعَ الْقَادِمَ next week. Nouns of place do the same, chiefly words of direction and position: أَمَامَ, خَلْفَ, فَوْقَ, تَحْتَ, عِنْدَ, and يَمِينًا وَشِمَالًا right and left, بَرًّا وَبَحْرًا by land and sea. Many 'prepositions' you have learnt (قَبْلَ، بَعْدَ، أَمَامَ) are simply such accusatives in construct.
وَصَلَ الضُّيُوفُ لَيْلًا.
waṣala ḍ-ḍuyūfu laylan
The guests arrived at night.
When? لَيْلًا.
سَافَرْنَا يَوْمَ الْخَمِيسِ الْمَاضِي.
sāfarnā yawma l-khamīsi l-māḍī
We travelled last Thursday.
يَوْمَ in construct, accusative.
كَانَ يَعْمَلُ لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا.
kāna yaʿmalu laylan wa-nahāran
He used to work night and day.
Two time accusatives joined by وَ.
نَظَرَ يَمِينًا وَشِمَالًا ثُمَّ عَبَرَ الشَّارِعَ.
naẓara yamīnan wa-shimālan thumma ʿabara sh-shāriʿa
He looked right and left, then crossed the street.
Where? Accusatives of direction.
نُقِلَتِ الْبَضَائِعُ بَرًّا وَبَحْرًا.
nuqilati l-baḍāʾiʿu barran wa-baḥran
The goods were carried by land and sea.
By what way? بَرًّا وَبَحْرًا.